Building permit fee
The charge for reviewing and issuing the permit itself, usually scaled to declared valuation or square footage.
The city or county building department
This is the only fee most first-time builders budget for, and it is often the smallest line on the page.
Permit fees are typically calculated from a declared valuation table, which means the number you write on the application drives the fee. Undervaluing is a bad idea and jurisdictions check it against cost-per-square-foot tables; overvaluing simply costs money.
NAHB's 2026 regulatory cost study attributes part of the recent rise in construction-phase regulatory costs specifically to higher building permit fees, alongside building code changes. This is a line that has been moving.
Ask whether the fee covers inspections, or whether re-inspections after a failed inspection are billed separately. In many jurisdictions they are.